Background of
By:
Mahmoud E. Yousif
E-mail: yousif@darfurna.com
Introduction
The world is passing through a critical period, that have many problems, which may effects existence of human kind on this planet, some of which are related to peaceful coexistence caused by religious disputes and raising of religious political fundamentalism, then there is energy problem, staring from producers control over production to when is it going to depleted? And is the world capable of discovering the renewable alternative energy? Above all, there are problems of the climatic changes! This is causing great thread for our existence in this planet, something started to be realized by the most conscious human groups, and the need for great common efforts to avoid its consequences.
With all these great challenges which required human solidarity to secure continuation of life and welfare to humanity, we find some lacks the least consciousness to realize these dangers. Unfortunately, by illegal control over public resources they managed to carried out goals that dose not related to religious or dominant human values.
Presently, the Sudanese state is facing great crises, resulting from monopoly of power, sovereignty and resources by some, which had reflected negatively on Sudanese people; on the other hand, while defending this false and looted status, it showed how it can carry out inhuman and irreligiously practices, without any care to human values. In this world, where scientific and technological advancements had allowed the Americans in 1980 to read headlines of a newspaper carried by a person in the street of Moscow in the previous Federal Soviet Republics, using highly sensitive camera carried by a satellite on an orbit 300 miles above earth surface, that was before 27 years, now it is commonly used by public, for example anyone can look at more than 1600 burned villages in Darfur using the search engine Google Earth, from which one can imagine the present secretive devices? There is a saying that, you can deceive all people sometimes, and you can deceive some people some time, but you can't deceive all people all the time!
Any genocide was aimed at eliminating racial, religious or ideological group from
society. Auschwitz
and Pol Pot's
killing fields of
On early month of 2004 the world start knowing about Darfur, and that "Africans are
fighting to get some shares, while the government backed by
Arab militant of Janjaweed are fighting back, duly innocents
people killed, displaced and took refuge in neighbor Chad".
Thus government position with its allies the Janjaweed and the military oppositions becomes equivalent
to extend that some people even tried to describe the movements as equivalent
to the Janjaweed! Within that context truth disappeared, remains only the humanitarian dimensions while the root
causes was not traced.
Complication of Darfur tragedy emerged from factors such as
the Islamic religion, long interrelations coexistence and intermarriages which
bonds Africans and Arabs together, general tolerance, injustice towards the
margins particularly in Darfur, and related emergence of Sudan People
Liberation Movement (SPLM/A), shortage of resources, identity issue and the
Chadian case with consequences of all these on Darfur..
These elements collectively formed this tragedy, everybody
wants an end to it, others preferred to run away rather than involved in this
dramatic tragedy, while others decided to face the situations aiming at
changing that horrible reality.
But how dose the well known good heart Sudanese people, who
are tolerated, generous, noble and brotherhood, how dose we got involved in
such barbaric madness?
How come the Janjaweed got involved in eliminating such an
enormous number of populations in twenty first century, dose Sudanese people
knows about that? While African leaders and intellectuals failed even to detect
what was going on?
People of Darfur and Sudanese in general were let down by the
Arabs, Islamic countries, Institutions, individuals and the International
communities, if due to lack of knowledge, the following may fill that gap, it
provide background to what had happened in Darfur in the period between 1980 to
year 2006, with genuine intention to finding quick solution to this tragedy,
for the benefit of both Africans and Arabs people of Darfur and the Sudanese
people and reflection of that on humanity.
Darfur means the land of Fur
the largest tribe with sovereignty, it is a society that combined many tribes,
it is in the western part of Sudan (see the map), bordering Libya in western
north, Chad in the west and Central Africa Republic in the southern west, the
border extension with Chad alone is 800 kilometers, it covers an area of 493 180 km² (196,555 miles²). It is largely an arid plateau with the Jebel Marra (
During the Sultanate of the Keira Dynasty, the region had developed the
demographic structure that would endure for the twentieth century. The
agricultural Fur were located in the remnants of the sultanate in the center.
Just north of them were the Tunjur, who had ruled before the sultanate. From
the northwest came Nilo-Saharan cultivators who also practiced varying degrees
of animal husbandry, such as the Berti and Zagawa. The Nubian-speaking Birgid
and Meidob peoples, also farmers, came from the northeast. To the west lay Dar
Masalit; the Masalit had successfully maintained their independence from Dar
Fur because it
was the last independent Sultanate recognized under the British and Egyptian
coundulant rule in accordance with Glani agreement in1919, that it do have the
right to have its own specialization. Bedouin Arabs came from the far
northwest, including the Ta'isha, Rizeigat, Habbaniya and Beni Halba. While
Arabs in the north continued to herd camels, those who ventured south where
there was comparatively abundant rainfall mixed with a later migration of Fula
speakers and began to herd cattle, forming the Baggara (literally, "those
of the cow"), who settled in the southeast [1].
Part of
On
right, a map of
The Grand Darfur includes
three states, the
1- Original
African race consists from tribes of Fur, Masalit, Zagawa, Berti, Dagu, Tungur,
Midob, Birgid, Albigu, Tama, Bargu, Barnu, Bediat, Myma, Sngar, Mararit and
other small tribes, in combine they represents 75% of the region population.
2- Arabic
race which entered Darfur within the Arabs migrations, it consists of Rizigat
in the north they are camels herdsmen, Rizigat in south they are cattle herdsmen,
Habanya, Beni-Halba, Taisha, Mahamied, Mahrya, Zayadya, Beni-Hussien, Maalya
and other mixtures all of whom represents 25% of the population in Darfur.
The Tables bellow shows towns
of each state and the population of its locality, before 2000.
Statistics of Great
|
|
|
|||
NUMBER OF POPULATION |
LOCALITY |
NUMBER OF POPULATION |
LOCALITY |
NUMBER OF POPULATION |
LOCALITY |
479,337 |
Al-Genyna |
656,933 |
Alfashir |
874,235 |
Nyala |
119,411 |
Wadi-Saleh |
772,928 |
Kutom |
197,661 |
Adyla |
206,875 |
Habila |
196,693 |
Um-Kadada |
561,693 |
Aldaien |
392,892 |
Gebel
Marra |
343,164 |
Kabkabya |
336,527 |
Buram |
216,778 |
Kulbos |
184,368 |
Malit |
519,046 |
Kas |
265,852 |
Zalinge |
|
|
438,892 |
Ed-Alfursan |
|
|
|
|
416,444 |
Tulos |
|
|
|
|
394,474 |
Rehad-Albardi |
|
|
|
|
321,418 |
Sheiria |
1,681,145 |
Total |
2,154,086 |
Total |
4,060,390 |
Total |
7,895,621 |
Total |
Table.1.
Number of population in each town and state, before 2000.
Conscious
in the Making 1955/80
Before and after independence in 1956 political activities were carried by northern politicians and local tribal
leaders or their sons, on the other hand 35-40% of Sudanese Army consists of soldiers who
originated from Darfur, they acquired political consciousness during their
assignment inside and outside Sudan, leading them to develop awareness towards their region and Sudan since mid
fifties. The activities of political parties among students in Darfur at
the end of fifties and Darfurian students, who were been accepted at Juba University in South Sudan in mid
seventies, started comparing Darfur status with Southern Sudan under the
regional government, where most all administrators were from South Sudan in
contrast to Darfur.
That process of awareness arrived through a painful process of
Movements started with The Red Flame (Al-Laheeb Al-Ahmar)
established in 1957, it was an underground movement established just one year
after the independence of the Sudan, with main objective of enlightening the
people of Darfur. During the military period of Ibrahim Aboud (1958-1964), a
Movement by the name of Sooney appeared between 1963/64, which was lead by
Darfurian army veterans who fought against Anaya one in Southern Sudan,
returning to Darfur with some awareness, the movement was severely crashed by
the military junta of Khartoum, where even soldiers working in Southern Sudan
were arrested.
After October revolution in 1964, the
marginalized groups of South Sudan, Nuba, Fung, Bigga, Kordufan and Darfur formed the Union of the Rural, with aim to
unite
themselves to replace the traditional parties (Umma and National Union
Parties), the Union consists of, The Southern Front, All Union of
Nuba Mountains, The Union of North and South of Engasana, Beja
Union,
Kurdufan Renaissance Front and the Darfur
Renaissance Front (DRF), it was established in
1964/65, with main objective to demand economic development and independency of
political policies.
When Gafar Mahamad Nimari made the military cup in 1969, he was opposed by the main two parties, many
followers of which were from western Sudan, they were recruited for militarily training in Ethiopia and Libya,
within that environment, the Western Sudan People’s Organization (WSPO) was
established 1977/79 lead by Yagoub Ismaiel (the late Cdr Mahamad Gumma Nair was
a member of that organization before joining the SPLM/A), they were members of
the National Front which tried to took power militarily in 1976, the failure of which had
brought terrible consequences to people from western Sudan generally (including the Nuba people).
In 1980 Nimari established five states in Northern Sudan, he
appointed Altyeb Mahamad Almardi (from northern Kordufan) governor for Darfur, the
decree was opposed with instant and intense demonstrations calling him to be replaced by a governor from the
region, Nimari
yielded and appointed Ustaz Ahmad Ibrahim Derage (Fur tribe) as governor. Some Arab
intellectuals accused Ustaz Derage of tribalism; Ustaz Derage left
After April 1985 upraising in Sudan, an election was held in 1986, where the Umma party formed a coalition government with DUP and Abdelnabi
Ahmed
was appointed governor of Darfur, then followed by Dr. Tjani Sesi.
Traditional Tribal Conflicts in
Like all human societies, people in
For that reason, specific paths were opened, with width
ranging between 2-8 kilometers, through different tribal lands, for pastorals
movement southwards and westwards during summer and northwards and westwards
during raining season [2]. Before 1992, different tribal wars in Darfur used to occurs
due to problems related to these paths [2], within that context, present Abyei
problem could be understood, as it lay within the path of Myseria tribe towards
water and pastures during the summer, such problem used to be tackled
regardless to political or ethnic dimensions.
Emergence of
the Arab
In 1988 Some
intellectuals from Arab tribes of Darfur representing a committee of the Arab Alliance wrote a
letter
to then Prime Minister Mr. Alsadiq Almahadi [3] requesting the
government to give Arabs
of Darfur half of the constitutional post in both the regional and central
governments, they claimed to represents the most cultured and civilized group
in the region, the letter was condemned by members of national parliament,
political parties and trade unions. In that year, weapons were secretly delivered
to Arabs groups by the Army Chief of Stuff, as verified by the Parliamentarian
Investigation committee in 1987/88.
In
the same year (1988),
Arab Alliance issued another secret memorandum to its members directing them to Disturb Gov. of Dr. Tjani
Sesi in
The Clashes between
Arabs tribes and Fur 1985-90
Due to ecological, economical and political reasons Mahrya Arab tribe wage war in 1985 against the
Zagawa,
skirmishes used to take place till 1989 when 27 Arab
tribes lodged a war against Fur tribe with an aim to dislodge them from
their fertilized
land around Jebel Mara, that war
had
racial and political roots [5], it continued till the military coup d`état in June 30,
1989
carried
by
the National Islamic Front (NIF) led by President Omar Hassan Albashir under the guidance of
Dr. Hassan Abdalla Alturabi.
Daud Yahya Bolad
Factor 1989/90
Daud
Yahya Bolad do have great effect in
After
graduation in 1978, he return to Nyala to start a carpentry firm with finance
from an Islamic bank, he remained active in building the Muslim Brotherhood,
renamed National Islamic Front in 1985 [6].
When
Turabi joined Alsadiq Almahadi in the "Islamic trend cabinet" in
1988, Turabi silenced all NIF criticism of Libyan sponsoring the Arabs in
Before
that, both Faroq Ahmad Adam (Graduates) and Abdulgbar Adam Abdulkharim (Garsilla)
resigned from NIF, on January 17, 1989 due to its hostile stands towards people
of Darfur, as they mentioned [5], they said what is happening in Darfur is not
armed robbery, but it is organized political and armed robbery, that it is:
1-
Forcibly re-shaping
2-
Arabizing authority in
3-
Using that to overthrow present Chadian authority and to
push the Arabian revolution and opening training camps for that in
That
move caused crisis, which intensified when it become known that the above Arab
tribes alliance against the Fur was tacitly backed by the central government,
in which the NIF was a coalition partner. When NIF took power in 1989, Bolad
met President Omar Hassan Al-Bashir with delegates of twenty one persons;
Bashir told them that "South can separate but Darfur No" [8] this
turned Bolad against his former colleagues as he defended his Fur tribesmen [6].
Bolad
was annoyed by repeated element of anti-African racism existed in Northern
society, including the rank of Islamic movement, he had deeply believed that as
the Koran says, all men are equal in the eyes of God once they have fully taken
part in the Muslim Umma (nation). But his daily practice of life in the Islamic
movement had showed him that reality was different and that "even when I
go to the mosque to pray, even there, in the presence of God, for them I am
still a slave (abid) and they will assign me a place related to my race"[7].
As
Bolad decided to side his people, he went to
From
Chad he left to Ethiopia to meet with others fellows where he entered South
Sudan into Eastern Equatoria to meet Dr. John Garang de Mabiour at Esoka in
December 1990, where they joined the Sudan People Liberation Movement and Army
(SPLM/A).
SPLA
in
SPLM/A was established in May 16, 1983 in South Sudan
near Ethiopian border, with an aim of establishing the New Sudan or the Utopia State. At beginning
SPLM/A was backed by President Moamar Gadafi of Libya and Mengistu Hila
Merriam of Ethiopia, at that period most Northerner Sudanese parties backed SPLM/A to get ride of Nimari regime. Chaired by Dr John Garang De Mabior SPLM attracted Southerners and many of the marginalized
in the
North
particularly from Nuba Mountains lead by the late Cdr Yousif Kuwa Makki and Cdr
Abdulazia Adam Alhilu (originally from Masalit in Darfur, but grow up in Nuba Mountains), both established the Komolo secret movement in
1979 while studying at the University of Khartoum, Nuba people were motivated by Komolo
in joining SPLM.
When NIF took power in
When Eng.
Daud
Yahya Bolad fall out with NIF due to policies practiced towards his own tribe Fur, based on racial discrimination, he decided to join SPLM/A remembering his old colleges Yousif Kuwa Makki and Abdulazia Adam
Alhilu. That decision was a great shift for a leading Islamist, it represents the core of conflicts in
Islamic religion, regarding relations between the Arabs and the non-Arabs Muslims, as related to
leadership and the position of non-Muslims in the Islamic society,
which led many African Kingdoms to claims descending from the prophet Mahamed (peace upon
him), it happened to Fur, Funj
and Tagali kingdoms in Sudan [10].
SPLM/A contacted Hissen Habre, who understood
the situations in Sudan and supplied Fur with weapons which halted Arabs offensives in July 1989,
but started again in September after a visit by Brigadier Tigani Adam al-Tahir
to Libya aiming at accelerating unity between the two countries, when it
didn't materialized Libya started losing interest in Darfur, Dr. John
Garang though of exploring collaboration with the Baggara tribes through
Hissen Habre, that plane failed by the collaps of regime on December1,
1990 when Deby's forces entered N'djamena [7].
Bolad traveled to
When SPLA entered Darfur, which represents the source of the
Sudanese Army fighting machinery, it was met with fierce skirmishes by the Arabs militants, who were been made to believe that
SPLM/A hidden agenda is to repeat Arabs history and fate in
Spain and Zanzibar.
SPLA force was dispersed, Engineer
Daud
Yahya Bolad was captured in November 1991 when he insisted to meet a relative who was NIF
member (regardless
of opposition from Abdulaziz Adam Alhilu and others over that), and the man betrayed him. Al-Tayib Ibrahim Muhammad
Kheir, known since university days as Al-Tayib Sikha ("Iron Bar, for his
violence"), a former contemporary and underling of Bolad, was the military
governor of Darfur, who commanded the forces against the SPLA in Darfur, at
that period the government being short of troops, it used Arab Murahleen
militiamen to hunt him, confirming the pertinence of his racial analysis [7].
Bolad
appeared in a video recording on
Others mentioned that, he was severely
tortured to the death in January 1992 [7], Bolad's abandonment of a religionist
and outwardly nationalist movement (as seem to be at time) in favor of an SPLM
(generally interpreted as ethnic and regionalist), reflects the frustrations
and cleavages in Sudan's political culture [6], the
present situations in Darfur proved how this could have been avoided if the
Northerners were not ethnically oriented, the lessons of the South was never
been grasped.
Later in 1992, when President Jimmy Carter mediated between SPLM and
Martyr Engineer
Daud
Yahya Bolad died but for humanity he lay down certain values, where he became a legacy among SPLA
members and a corner stone for a vision towards more human society in
the New Sudan, even his old colleges praised him in the Black Book which appeared in 1999
after the division in the National Congress Party (NCP) between Bashir and Turabi; the
following was written about Bolad in that book: "We are asking God; mercy upon our
brother the martyr Daoud Yehya Bolad, and let God accept his efforts, he paid
his life price for his far sighted, and redemption for his early consciousness
which led him to realize our present situation before several years"[7].
Bolad case illustrates the role imposed on Africans
intellectuals in multi Arab-Islamic societies and leadership, that role is limited to back and execute planes laid out by
the Arabs elite, where Islam became merely a means to expand the interests
and influence of Arabs racial group and means to force outsiders to total subjection, for these reasons many Southerners were
distorted with the idea that Islam is just a Religion for Arabs.
Re-Activation of
the Arab
The attempt by SPLM/A force
to have a foot in
1-
The Islamic Movement lost confidence in youth of
2-
The Africans tribes are not guarantee for the security of
the regime.
3-
4-
Arabs tribes are guarantee, and good keeper for that
gate.
The NIF strongly reacted to SPLA transferring war to Darfur,
because their justification for waging religious war may undermined, in a
region where Islamic faith among the Africans and Arabs represents the core of
human activities and a weak point for exploitations, it was considered as
determinant factor for winning the war against SPLA, therefore by opening the
Darfur front, particularly with presence of a person with capabilities and
background of Bolad, that may facilitate in causing core transformations in
society, which could led in reduction of backyard area that assists in backing
the absolute rules, based on personal or family interpretations.
Thus 1992 represents the turning point towards the implementation of Arabism
polices by NIF in
Within that environments of escalated Pan Arabism, NIF
leadership reacted severely to Martyr Bolad attempt to create alliance between Darfur and SPLA (the African depth) accordingly in June 1992
Dr.
Hassan Abdalla Alturabi reached to the conclusion that:
"African Muslims
tribes start opposing Islamic movement, therefore the Islamic
movement new plan should aimed at
supporting Arabs tribes through the following procedures: Forcefully dislodging
Fur tribe from Jebel Mara and blocking
them at Wadi Saleh and completely disarm them,
meanwhile to resettle Mahria, Al-Etyfat and
Erigat (Arabs tribes) in that land. The Zagawa
should not be allowed to posses weapons, and they
should be dislodge from Kotom in northern Darfur to Omrwaba
(Northern Kordofan), and that Arabs tribes
should be armed and financed so as to become the core fore Arab Islamic
Alliance" [5].
Since that
attempt, government policy became open by encouraging tribal and racial groups
such as the Arabs Alliance to be formed and organized, where in 1992 Dr. Alteyeb Ibrahim Mahamad Khir the governor
of
Thus
transformed from critics of civil society and ruling establishment, to blessing
and supports of the official ruling authorities, the Arab Alliance issued a top
secret Memorandum in
1992 by
the name of Qurash Two [13] (a tribe in
Arabian peninsula from which prophet Mahamad descend), explaining to its members
the general plans of the Arab Alliance, which should be achieved before 2020
under name of Quraish Two, the goal should target area of the six regions of
western Sudan, it contain planes, programs and means to achieve that [13].
The Origin of Janjaweed!
When SPLA
started the military campaign, some advanced forces went near the
With the
success of that plan, the central government implemented it in Bahar Algazal,
where it formed what became known as the peace force, composed of tribes whose
leader is friendly with the government, later these forces were established in
Upper Nile and Equatoria regions, it carried out many operations, by backing
the arm forces in securing major towns and oil fields.
Previously,
the northern boundary tribes had bought great amount of weapons that had
leakage to Sudan after the falling of Idi Amin Dada regime in Uganda in 1979,
it was been bought around the boarder town of Kaya. In 1988/6, the government
formed the Murahilin militants from boundary Arab tribes, especially after
receiving the government weapons, these militants were been given the task of
guarding the trains from Babanusa to Wau in Bahar Algazal, because they ride
horses which help in the forest and quick movement. These forces also
participated in escorting convoys, they coordinated with the arm forces in
carrying out common operations in Bahar Algazal, but due to administration independency and lack of disciplines, it committed
many atrocities.
As
mentioned, when SPLA entered
After that,
and between 1995/2, the name of Janjaweed start been used in
There was a
habit among individuals and groups of tribal societies in central and northern
Sudan to practice Hambata (violent rubbery), this a kind of robbery where white
arms were used to rob the victims, people who were carrying such robbery usually
were brave, adventurers and generous, they used to distribute their booty with
poor and week families, for that villagers used to sympathized with them and
never direct the police to their hide out.
For that
reason, when the Janjaweed started their looting activities, many thought it
could only be part of armed robbery or those Hambata, they never thought it is
to this extend of seriousness.
The word Janjaweed composed
from three words Jan meaning the devil, G-3 the German sub machine gun and
Jawad means a horse, the full meaning is "a Devil carrying submachine gun and riding
a horse", everyone can imagine what this devil can do, although
SLM/A interpretation for the word is that they are "group of disgraced
people from different tribes, used by the government", others claimed that
the word was used to refer to militants who follows the local guards
of local administration, Al-Rezigat tribe in South Darfur interpreted it as a bandage of
thieves from several tribes who steals camels and cows for personal interests, while Dr. Tigani
Mustafa explained it as "referred to the armed group from Arab tribes [2]".
Strengthening the
Arab
In 1992 the Administration of
Military Operators of the Regional Arab Alliance Committee, issued an order,
directing its followers to loot all cattle, donkeys, horses and camels from Fur
tribe, killing Fur leaders, representatives, intellectuals and to distribute Chadian
Arabs who arrived with Idriss Gamous and Hussein Habri in Fur specific area with other measurements [14].
These instructions were carried till 1994, where Fur tribe faced alone the consequence of these polices, thus thousands
were
killed, others were forced from their villages to settled in larger towns such as
Zalingi, Nyala, Alginyna, Alfashir and Khartoum.
The official policy aiming at
formation of Arab belt through re-distribution of population in
Dar Masalit in western
That was an odd behavior,
because Arabs doesn’t represents 20% of the population of western Darfur and
those who were recognized and given flags some were refugees who fled the war
in Chad, the decree immediately ignited
problems in that state [7, 12].
In the Northerner part of
As mentioned, both Africans and Arabs tribes of
Between 1997 and 2000, missions were sent by the Arab
Alliance to Chad, Niger and Mauritania in west Africa inviting Arabs to
immigrate for settlement in Darfur, many arrived where they were been issued
with identity cards, trained and joined to the Janjaweed, these
groups in particular are the worst who committed great atrocities, because they
lack the sense of citizenship and related humanity.
The Resistance and
Establishment of SLM/A
and JAM
Although some leading politicians and activists were aware about the
racial attempts by some Arabs groups to cause troubles in
In 1994, the New Sudan Brigade (NSB) was formed by SPLM/A in eastern
Sudan
under the coalition of NDA, where some troops were lifted to Eastern Sudan from the South headed by Cdr Pagan Amom and Cdr
Abdulazia Adam Alhilu, originally from Darfur, Al-Hilu presence attracted many people
from Darfur who were displaced in the north, joined NSB in hundreds with presence of great securities, it reflects
their
readiness, just waiting
for the
opportunity.
Meanwhile, the consequences of government policies in Darfur,
forced groups from Fur, Zagawa, Masalit
and other tribes to reject the general trends of wasting times through
reconciliation conferences; thus they broke away from NCP after reaching to a
conclusion that the only means to defend their people rights is to carry guns
and rebel against the regime, particularly when security situation around Jebel
Mara deteriorated, where intense rides were carried by the Janjaweed. At mid of
2002, some Zagawa went to Jebel Mara to defend the Fur; among them was the late
Cdr Abdalla Abakar and Cdr Mani Arko Manawi, where they start training the Fur,
at that period the government arrested many people particularly from Fur tribe
in Zalingi and Nyala. On August 2002 a conference was held at Nerteti in Jebel
Mara to resolve that situation, the government demanded Zagawa withdrawal from
Jebel Mara, in return the Fur conditioned released of the detainees [17].
Zagawa withdraw from Jebel Mara, and those in detention including Ustaz Abdelwahed Mahamad Nur were
released, but the Janjaweed and government atrocities never stopped, the Zagawa group
returned back, Abdelwahid joined them, where on March 2003 they established Darfur Liberation
Front (DLF)
which was renamed to Sudan
Liberation Movement/Army (SLM/A) headed by Ustaz Abdelwahid Mahamad Nur and Commanded by Abdalla Abaker, in early
2004
Cdr Mani Arko
Manawi was elected the secretary General [9, 17].
On the other hand, some previous members of NCP, established
the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) on April
2003,
headed by Dr. Khalil Ibrahim. Both movements astonished the world by their bravery
operations, particularly
During that period, the Political Committee of Coordinating Council
of the Arab Alliance issued a secret report on November 15, 2003,
calling Arabs in the region to support their idea, seeking help from
scientists, thinkers and economists, to reconcile different Arabs tribes
(because many oppose them), to tackle their differences within the context of
religion and Sharia and to change the name of Darfur [18].
When
events start escalating, it caused great anxiety among Arab Alliance, where another memorandum was issued in early 2004 by the Information and
Political Committee, informing its members about the establishment of SLM/A and
the need to prevent Sudan from getting out of Islamic state [19].
Many
Arabs refused these calls, leading by Al-Nazir Saeed Mahmoud Musa Madibo
(Paramount Chief) of Al-Rizigate, refused different calls and pressures from
the highest authorities to allow the tribe to joining the Janjaweed, he
insisted to keep the human relations developed through centuries intake, thus
his area in South Darfur (its capital Al-Daien) is the only safe multi ethnic
area in whole Darfur, and this is for history, while those who joined the
Janjaweed, were on personal bases.
The
Janjaweed intensified its atrocities, burning villages, killing people; raping
women in a method aiming at wiping out great number of population in a short
period of time. This is where the international community starts becoming aware
of events in Darfur and great amount of pressures were put on Sudan government
without success, the tragedy of people of Darfur still escalating, until early
2005 the number of people killed is estimated to be more that 300,000, the true
number
could only be known after the genocide ended, at present burned villages and displaced persons are
estimated in the following table [20]:
State |
Burnt Villages |
IDPs |
Displaced Families |
Religious Houses |
Schools |
|
1921 |
1427226 |
237878 |
044 |
107 |
|
1207 |
0944718 |
157453 |
061 |
214 |
|
0688 |
0724556 |
120759 |
037 |
154 |
Total |
3816 |
3096500 |
516000 |
142 |
475 |
Table 2. Estimated Burnt Villages, affected families and public
amenities in the three States of Darfur, till early 2005 [20].
On the other hand, the main reasons for displacement
in 1989 were drought and desertification by 30% and security component only by
2% [5], comparing that with present more than three (3) internal displaced and
more than 300 thousand refugee in Chad, this comparison alone shows the really
motivation behind such displacement, and the awful experiences faced by these
people.
SPLA,
the Second Attempt
Cdr Ahmad Kobor
Gebreal, the Arabs Participation
In
1998 the late Cdr Yousif Kuwa Makki met some leaders from western Sudan, among
them the activist Haj Esmaiel Altug (died in Kampal in March 2004), they met
again on January 2001 (above photo) accompanied with the late Abdelaziz Albushra
(passed away in December 2004) and Cdr Ahmad Kobor Gibreal (presently with SLA,
commanding the Southerner sector of Darfur), Cdr Kuwa made some recommendations
and preparation for them to met Dr. John Garang (unfortunately Kuwa passed away
in March 2001).
The group already had established "The Western Sudan
Movement for Justice, Equality and Democracy", in their Manifesto, they
mentioned the plane by the government to fuel tribal war in
When Cdr Abdulaziz Adam Alhilu arrived Kampala early January 2001, from Eastern Sudan through Asmara (Eritrea), to take over from Cdr Yousif Kuwa as Governor of Nuba Mountains, he arrived with the glory resulted from the successful Kassala operation, when they tactically withdrew from Hamshkorip town to go around and captured Kassala town in December 2000, resulted in great victory for New Sudan Brigade (NSB) which is part of SPLA, all of which boosted his image.
Haj Ismaiel asked for a meeting with Cdr
Abdulaziz. Accompanied by, Ahmad Kubor and Abdulaziz Albushra, Cdr Abdulaziz
brought Abdulbagi Mukhtar and I was present. Their main aim was to establish
relationship with SPLM/A and get military supports in order to launch war in
Foreseen the possibilities of bringing democracy back to Sudan through great coalitions, by waging gorilla war based on popular supports, I decided to give weights to Haj Ismaiel arguments, hopping that may boost broad base Western front coalition, like NDA in the East, Al-Hilu completely refused backed by Abdulbagi. That decision was based on the illusive ideological background gape realizing that later, when we discussed several times, where I told him at one of it with great pain, that I will concentrate my efforts during the coming period in the research which I was conducting.
In that month, Al-Hilu sent for Major Adam Bazooka who joined NSB around 1996, where in 1998 he was transfer to South Sudan with others, many of them from Darfur, who latter resided in Western Equatoria (Yei and Maridi).
I left
The sudden emergence of SLM/A in early
2003, as a Darfurian movement reflecting the internal efforts of Darfurians to
participate in resolving the region problems and that of Sudan from their own
perspectives, had caused great complications to many who already have master
plans. Dr. John Garang together with Abdulaziz Adam Al-Hilu persuaded its
leaders to integrate with SPLM/A, Abdulwaheed Mahamd Nur SLM/A chairman,
Abdalla Abakar the Army Commander and Mani Arko Manwi were brought to Rumbek
around March 2003, Abdalwaheed agreed to unite, while Abdalla Abakar completely
refused, the same was the stand of Mani. Although coordination between both
movements was established, but SPLM/A couldn't tolerate another Movement with
such momentum in
While preparations underway, in September
2003, I felt the damage such force, led by Bazooka may cause to
Unification issues was not resolved when Adam Bazooka was airlifted with his group to Darfur On October 2003, latter I was informed by one of Darfurian, that Bazooka tried to forced them to go with him (at that time he was promoted to Commander), but they refused, other informed me that they can't participate in such crime. This new strange force clearly had led to suspicions of Mani towards both Abdalwaheed the SPLM/A, latter he start talking to his group that Abdalwaheed was just a Commander with SPLA.
From his arrival to his death on April 2004, Adam Bazooka, failed to make ground in Darfur not that alone, it also caused great damages to interrelations within SLA reflected in the great hatred between Abdalwaheed and Mani, all of which led to present disintegration within the movement, it also restrain the great momentums started by SLA, in additions to great suspicions from the Chadian, who felt threats from the SLA itself.
The
There
were many efforts made by people from Darfur to launch military activities in
Darfur, In that context, some leading figures from Arab tribes who were
officers in Sudanese Army arrived in Northern Bahar Al-Gazal in 1997 to join
SPLA in order to start military operations in Darfur, they were headed by
General Abdulgadir Hamid Al-Mahadi (commissioned to commander by SPLA), Major
Omar Alsed Hasaballa and others, but that didn’t materialized due to many
factors.
When he failed in the above attempts, Cdr Ahmad Kobor
Gebreal returned to Darfur, when SLM/A launched its
activities, he joined the Movement in mid 2003, becoming the Commander of the Southern Sector of Darfur, he led major offensives in
En Nhud, Buram and other places. He played a big role with others
giving the true dimension of the area as marginalized,
showing
that these Movements are
not
limited to African descents. He participated
in the early thee
How the
World Came to Know about the Genocide?
As mentioned, all tribal wars in Darfur before 1983, were evolve around pasture, grazing land, water and stealing of cows or camels [1, 5], but after the upraising in 1985, when SPLM/A refused invitation by the government of Let. General Abdulrahman Soar Aldahab, the war started escalating, it start taking a different face from what used to be before, intense automatic weapons were used, causing great death, the region entered into the first phase between 1983/87, some tribes were helped by Libya, while others by Chad, amount of weapons increased and the death too.
Sice the Arab Alliance had emerged publicly in 1988, through their open letter to the prim minister, hence their could have been some secret works before that, dully it was not a surprise that the second stage of the war between 1993/87 took racial polarized shape [5], it could have resulted from that secret activities combined with agitations carried out by the Arab Alliance and its followers, that stage ended when the state recognized and started coordinated with it officially after the failure of SPLA in penetrating Darfur, dully I think the second stage can justifiably be between 1992/87.
The third stage started in 1993 till now, when justification for coordination between the state and Arab Alliance with its elements the Janjaweed was established, it is the stage which characterized with extreme brutality.
Before both SLM/A and JAM started their operations in March 2003, there was great internal displacements and refuges to Chad, leading to intervention of local and international relief organizations, and the United Nation High Commission for Refugee, particularly in Chad, these organizations reflected to the outside world what was going in Darfur, leading western countries to mobilized its institutions to gather information about situations in Darfur, the picture started becoming clearer about great tragedy that is taken place in Darfur.
Then came the announcements of Mr. Mukesh Kapila, the UN Humanitarian Coordinator for
Sudan, the first to disclosed events in Darfur, he move human consciences,
when he declared in a press conference at Nairobi on March 21, 2004, that
"The war-torn Darfur region of western
Sudan is the "world's greatest humanitarian crisis", comparable to
the Rwandan genocide of 1994 in terms of human rights abuses", he continued " the "vicious war" in Darfur had led to
violations on a scale that was comparable in character to the Rwandan situation, the only
difference between Rwanda and Darfur now is the numbers involved". He said "The
pattern of organized attacks on civilians and villages, abductions,
killings and organized rapes by militias was getting worse by the day, and
could deteriorate even further. One can see how the situation might develop
without prompt [action]...all the warning
signs are there". He continued, "I
think some people are using the term ethnic cleansing and I would say that is not far off the mark," he added, "I think the term is being used by certain
people because it's one group of people organizing themselves to do away with another group of people,
and that's a definition of ethnic
cleansing".
Kapila
added that "the systematic depopulation of the
Recently, Global
Security organization [22] disclosed highly resolution
photos for villages that were burned in
In a functional village you see trees, and the houses will all have cone-shaped roofs made of grass. And you can see ... goats, cows, dogs - and you'll see people walking around.
In destroyed villages, you can see the walls, which mean the roofs, have been burned down or destroyed, and you won't see any animals, any people, or any trees because they've been all burned".
As earlier mentioned, these photos are in thousands, recently Earth Google EarthGoogle has put more than 1600 such photos of burned villages in Darfur, accessible to anybody, the following are three samples of such photos from Global Security, (Credit is to DigitalGlobe, Inc. Department of State via USAID):
During that period, the American position was not clear regardless of these photos, because as from past events, one can ask, what dose they exchange in return for batch of terrorists received in 2004.
Mr.
Mukesh Kapila announcements and these
photos, helped in moving human consciences, forcing waves of Human rights
organizations and Journalists to go to Darfur, such as Human Rights Watch they
and produced report on April 2004 (Massive Atrocities
In Darfur), Justice Africa, International Crises Groups and many
others … TV Channels, like CNN (Christian Amamphore) went there, also BBC, AFP,
CBS, .., Journalists from New York Times, Washington Post and … many other TV
channels, Journalists and Photographers, all transmitted what they witnessed to
the whole world, human consciences further moved, remembering Rwanda Genocide
ten years earlier, when the world decided never again! it is happening again
with great insistence, while no value for those whose fate are to be
Darfurians! Where the Janjaweed kills men, while for women and girls, if not
killed they were raped and their hands are marked to carry stigma for ever,
these were carried out in
The unknown internal
government position, after
1. Repel
any expected attacks by SLM/A.
2. Easily
reach to any group in case of event.
The plan was gradually
implemented, which shows the great relationship between the government and the
Janjaweed.
Calls from
Several attempts were made by Darfurian
civil societies to stop events in
* In March 1999, a group of 1300, among them previous occupants of constitutional posts, students, professionals and tribal leaders, among them Dr. Ali Hassan Tajuldin previous member of head of the State council and Dr. Adam Musa Madibo, leaders of Uma Party, ten Omda (Paramount Chiefs) and sixteen Cheifs, raised memorandum to the President of the Republic, President Omar Hassan Bashir [15].
The memorandum started by the follow:
Oblige towards our national
responsibilities towards
﴾O mankind! Be dutiful to your Lord, Who created you from a single person (Adam), and from him (Adam) He created his wife {Hawwâ (Eve)}, and from them both He created many men and women; and fear Allâh through Whom you demand (your mutual rights), and (and do not cut the relations of) of the wombs (kindship). Surely, Allâh is Ever an All-Watcher over you﴿ "4:1" [15].
The memorandum contains several issues among them are:
Tribal problems in Darfur, tribal conflicts in Gynyna area of western Darfur, necessity of the extraordinary measurements, developments in Darfur, cancellation of development projects and crippling of services through misuse of public funds and misuse of power, western salvation road, armed robbery, peaceful coexistence and tribal problems.
The memorandum ended with some
suggestions, among them, State recognition of special status of
* Memorandum of the human rights
division of the People of Darfur On December 4, 1999 to both the Chairman of
Human Rights Committee in the National Council, the Minister of Justice and
Attorney General with copies to Governor of Western Darfur, Governor of
Southern Darfur, Governor of Northern Darfur, Sudanese Human Rights
Organization and the United Nations Human Rights Observer In Sudan [23].
The Memorandum was written
by:
a- Fifty
four (54) Leaders and tribal Administrations representing different tribes of
b- Fifty
six (56) Lawyers and Legal Advisors.
After strong introduction,
the Memorandum stated the following
1-
In
2-
Tortures are prevailing by detaining civilians in
military intelligence custody, and securities detentions away from specialized
judiciary instruments (the Judiciary) and their procedures.
3-
Confessions are extracted using savage and barbaric ways
by bandages that doesn’t resemble Sudanese people.
4-
Many cases of killing, rapes and great tortures were
mentioned.
5-
Request for investigation and to present whoever involved
in committing these extremes and violations to immediate and just trails.
* Memorandum No. 1 About the Racial Sedition that
going on in Darfur, issued by 21 Leaders from African Tribes of Darfur, who met
in Nyala town On December, 18 2003, they stated that [24]:
1-
They were silence for long time about the sedition that had been going on in
2-
The activities are carried by destructive racial group
proclaimed Arabism.
3-
The group divided people on racial basis.
4-
They spread death and destructions to push civilians from
their home without any right, in a form of corruption never witness in
5-
Janjaweed forces are committing crimes against humanity,
by savagely killing children, women and elders, they are disgrace with shame
that should stick to anybody who tried to agitate, coordinate, giving support
or help to them.
6-
The leaders decided to work to prevent this sedition and
to confront it with God help and strength.
7-
This sedition was under preparations for a period that
had exceeding two decades, with strategies and goals been implemented through
phases.
8-
They group have
abilities to adopt and contain ruling systems and to exploit it for its
destructive goals.
9-
To expose the secret plans of the Arabs Alliance who are
backing the Janjaweed.
10- The
organization is exploiting instruments and resources of the government and the ruling
party.
11- The
organization (Arabs
Alliance)
was responsible for establishment of the Janjaweed, and its continual efforts
in exploiting the state, last of their action was that, they saved elements
that had committed worst crimes against humanity, while they justified attacks
on civilians. (Massacres of Tygi village – December 2003).
12- The role
of the racial organization was not limited on disrupt stability in
13- Appreciation
of attitudes of some leaders from Arabic tribes for rejecting the racial calls
which they opposed even before it had been exposed, and they presented material
evidence to prove these activities.
14- Calls
for immediate and permanent ceasefire in
15- Attached
with the memorandum, seven secret documents issued by Arab Alliance.
Voices
from
Since the beginning of tribal war in
Darfur, before it reached present stage, many Sudanese thinkers, researchers and
writers wrote about Sudanese situations in general, particularly that of
Darfur, their writings, interviews and debates were aimed at discovering and
warning to avoid the consequences of such sedition tribal war transformed into
racial conflicts, which may have great impact on the long run, thus their
writings were aimed at getting local and regional popular pressure to resolve
it. Some went farther than what talked by the cultures of the military
movements in
* Dr.
Mohamad Suliman, (Editor by Salah Al Bander): Sudan, War of Resources and
Identity, Page Seven about Darfur: Oasis in confrontation of desert (with
participation of Ustaz Ahmad Osman Omar), although the writers idea about
previous war in Darfur is that it evolves about resources, they said the second
civil war (1993/87) in the following:
"The second civil war escalated, forming racial polarization, that showed itself in wide alliance contains tribes from Arabic origins; confrontations becomes more violent, savagery and destructive than previous stages. Consequently, fighters, security and political leaders and independent observers couldn’t see clearly the root causes of the dispute" [5].
* Dr. Albaqir Alafif Mukhtar, Expert in
the American Institute for Peace, activist and writer in wide issues related to
Human Rights and identity conflicts in
"The main reason for fighting in
He criticizes oppositions in
About
Janjaweed, Dr. Afifi said:
"There
is something important than the name of Janjaweed, that is the concept of
Janjaweed, describing it as very racists" [25].
About the American concern about
"It started as popular interest,
activated by media, naturally due to the extreme violations and atrocities
committed towards villages, showed by Satellites, watched by everybody. The
great displacements and committed crimes were awful, it moved human
conscientious everywhere. The conscientious now moved in the West, expressed by
great popular interests, general public and organizations. Civil societies and
Human Rights Organizations, thus Civil Societies raised and pressed
governments; these are democratic governments, they are sensitive towards its
people; it should comply in order to stay in power, because power is owned by
people in West" [26].
He continued, regarding the Arab role in
"I think the Arabs ... The Arabian establishment in the form of
Arab Countries and organizations, really they in conniver with the government
all through; Dr. Abdalla Ali Ibrahim (participant in the discussion) knows and
wrote about great expenditure of Arabs countries on Islamic Calls Organization
in Africa, started with Southern Sudan, now in Darfur there are no
organizations, there is no any Arab or Islamic relief organizations in Darfur,
in reality they are not concern for being there; there is interest by western
Christians organization to work in Darfur, that is why when the delegation of
Muslims Clerics Association visited Khartoum and went to Darfur, one of their
recommendations is to strengthen religion .. Religion of Darfrians, as if they
are accusing people of
He continued:
"yeas, Arabs are greatly and clearly
absents, it is really un-interested and ignorance; there is Arabic ignorance
with total Sudan, as it doesn't important issue for them, particularly with
Darfur, thus ignorance with Darfur includes Sudanese at extreme north, for that
there is great interests, or tendency in Arab Countries and Arabic institutions
to accept Sudan government as source of information, or the criminal himself.
Therefore, it is natural when these organizations arrived, they took.. Bought
the Sudanese version of events, we watched when Arabs Lawyers Union went to
* Dr. Suleiman Beldo, African Director of
International Crises Group (ICG), mentioned in Aljazeera, how
"I would like to explain that, the popular pressure determination also varied, there are great students movement standing with victims of war in Darfur, migrants Sudanese from Darfur living in different cities of United States, are in this coalition; as I mentioned, also there are Islamic group, n my estimate, present popular movement is not backed completely and totally as this theory may suggests. The theory of Zionism Lobby, but there are other elements that explain it, it is explained by the fast modern media, speed of technology in transmitting photos of events to different places in the world immediately and directly it also explained by some events previous to Darfur, such as mass Genocide in Rwanda and Bosnia, where the world had failed to intervene at right time to prevent it" [26].
About role
of identity in the war, he said:
"I
agreed with brother Afifi, about the identity, in fact what happened in Sudan,
according to the fighting groups, that it is Arabs against groups from African
origins, in fact it is classification or cultural identity that had taken
political nature; while for Khartoum, when the conflict exploded in Darfur, and
military rebellion raised in that region, it was political rebellion aimed at
rejected marginalization of the region as a region; this was adopted by group
that felt marginalized within that marginalization, mostly from African race.
Government replay by mobilizing the identity issue, recruiting militants mostly
from Arab origin; they are the militants which joined the government due to its
reactions to rebellion in 2003/4, from which emerged the classification of that
conflict as Arabs against Africans. The form of government reaction for that
was collective punishment, not only against the rebels who raised arms against
it, but towards all groups which related to it, the big tribes. For that
hundreds of villages were burned, for that reason there are more than two
million Darfurians in displacement camps in the region from where did they
came? They came from secured villages, they are normal people, they were
attacked not for any reason except that they belong to this identity named as
Africans, therefore, if there is anyone to be blame for giving that conflict
polarization nature of Arabism contrary Africanism, it is the government in
Khartoum, because it pursued in militarized this identity in reaction to the
rebellions in Darfur" [26].
Concerning the role Arab media, he said:
"I don’t think Arab media was lagging
in covering these events, the first television Network that tried to cover
events in
* Mr. Alsadiq Almahadi, Imam of Ansar sect
and ex-prim Minister, said in an interview with Aljazeera (
The Failure of Internal Peaceful
Conferences
Regardless of many reconciliation conferences, between
African and Arabs tribes, it didn’t stopped wars, thus meditations found
themselves in continual cycle of conferences [2], only in the period between1997/90, 12
conferences were held [5], and some are [2]:
1- Tribal reconciliation conference between Fur and Arab Tribes
(Alfashir April 15 - May 8, 1989).
2- Tribal reconciliation conference between Zagawa and Arab
Tribes (Kotom 1994).
3- Reconciliation and Peaceful Coexistence conference between
Rezigat and Zagawa (Aldaien 1997).
4- Tribal reconciliation conference between Massaliet and Arabs
Tribes (Alginyna, November 18-25, 1996).
5- Comprehensive Security and Coexistence conference for Darfur
States (Nyala December 22-27, 1997).
6- Tribal reconciliation conference and peaceful coexistence
between Massaliet and some Arab Tribes (Gynyna, May 26-June 5, 1999).
When
it became clearer that
The
main aim of the government was to contain the crises and to isolate it from
linking with SPLM/A calls and agenda, the early mentioned Nerteti conference at Jebel
Mara On August 2002, and several others, all of them with agenda and
outcomes, were aimed to force tribal leaders, participants and people of Darfur to
accept state de cu.
Take an example of one of these conferences, the Great Stats of Darfur
Consultative Leadership Gathering In Elfashir February 2003, (on The Discussions Of
The Subsidiary Committee Guidance).
Where delegates were asked to
confine the discussions in delivering clear, frank and courageous answers to
the following questions:
1- The
information delivered by the mechanism in its opening secession, and according
to its reports indicated an accusation by a group from Fur tribe and group from
Zagawa tribe, about events in and around Jabal Marra and Krnuiy.. in your
estimation:
a. Is this
work, a group work backed by these tribes?
b. Is this
an individual work, and what is the percentage of these from involved tribes?
c. What is
the stand of these tribes from those outlaws?
2- Why the
problem escalated with assaults? Are the tough reactions of Arabs tribes in
retaliations against Fur assaults do effects in these? And is cruelty caused by
the Janjaweed (Burning, Killing and Looting) developed, transformed and pushed
them (Fur and Zagawa) to change their objectives?
3- Why Fur
leaders and those armed men tried to internationalize Jabal Marra problem? Are
their reasons and justifications for that?
4- Why rest
of
5- Is it
possible for leaders, administrative and important figures among Zagawa, Fur
and Arabs to initiate a positive work to stop these running things?
6- Isn’t
duty for this gathering to condemn what is happening in the Jabal and around
Krnuiy and other area?
7- How could we achieve dreams of our people, for
ambition development projects in
a. Popular political
works only?
b. Military
popular work by Zagawa and Fur towards their people?
c. Limited
military work, with political support?
d. Plain
openly, military work?
A lot could be extracted about the regime idea about
these two tribes, among these, the delegate attention was diverted
from the real issues to how to encounter these tribes even by their own people! Towards the
reactions of Fur
tribe and Zagawa against widespread violations, massacres and humiliations aimed at
dislodging them from their land. These conferences, as clear from the above agenda were to force delegate giving the
government the mandate to use any military menses to hit those innocence, who were just
defending their tribes, above all it gives impressions that the Conference was
aimed at spaying rather than solving a problem.
African Union Peace Process
The peace process started at Apache in
Six rounds were held at Abuja in Nigeria, where two Protocols on the (1)
Implementation of the Humanitarian Situation in Darfur and (2) Enhancement of
the Security Situation in Darfur, were both signed in November 9th,
2004, and in the following year the Declaration of Principles (DoP) for the
Resolution of the Sudanese Conflict in Darfur was signed on July 5th,
2005. During
these talks, the Libyans hold several popular meetings, by bringing Darfurians
in Libyan in order to solve the problem, but the failed.
Failure of African Union Peace Process at
All
hopes were directed towards
The
talks ended with a group led by Mani Ako Mani signing the agreement, while two
groups led by Ustaz Abdelwheed Mahamad Nur and Dr. Khalil Ibrahim refused,
regardless of great pressures practiced by both President of Nigeria and the
American envoy.
Thus one may asked, why both
above groups refused signing that agreement? To disclose that, we will look as
an example position of SPM/A headed by Ustaz Abdelwheed Mahamad, prepared by Mr. Abaker Mohamed Abuelbashar, Head of Wealth Sharing Commission,
SLM/A, which could be summarized by the follow:
To expedite the Talks the AU Mediation redesigned the DoP to be
negotiated in three commissions i.e. Power Sharing, Wealth Sharing and Security
Arrangement. Since November 2005, the seventh round of the Peace Talks lasted
five and half (5 ½) months, which ended up with the signature of two parties
and the objection of another two parties (Movements). The reasons of rejection
by the other main effective parties who didn’t sign the Darfur Peace Agreement
(DPA) are that, Mediators concentrated only on Darfur issues without the
centre, while international community did not want any obstruction to the
Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) of 9/1/2005 and that matters related to
root causes of the conflict were rejected, others may be summarized by the
followings points [27]:
A- Procedural: Among these are: Unfairness
method in discussion issues such as land and Darfur as a one region, the compiled
document produce by AU, not been discussed, it was forced on the Movements to
sign, the document was presented on 25th April 2006, with an
ultimatum of 5 days to respond and sign it, AU proposed a core team to resolve
the issues of difference, but never been implemented, the Movements requested
time from AU to study the document but it refused.
B- Legal: The document lacked implementation modalities in all
Commissions, implementation mechanisms, general provisions and guarantees. Main
words and phrases such as, Janjaweed, Hawakeer (communal land ownership rights)
and Massaratt (Livestock routes), were not defined.
The Agreement gives GoS (National Congress Party, NCP) absolute power to
rule
C- Technical: Three of nine issues in the
agenda of the Power Sharing Commission were not discussed at all. No solutions
to the root causes, such as;
- Some essential rights of, Individual compensation, duration of the
interim period, control of Movements forces during the interim period, before
the UN Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration programme (
- The implementation of this kind of agreement is the responsibility of
the parties who sign it; therefore the representation of the parties should be
in a fair and just manner. In the DPA the Movements are represented by only 19%
in
- There is no provision in the DPA to allow a UN Peacekeeping Force in
Conclusion
In
Prophet Mohamed (Let peace be upon him) shows
Muslims in two occasions what Islam, meant: "In one time he
found a thirsty dog, he removed his show and took with it water from a well and gave it to
the dog to drink." in the second case: "He said, removal of harm elements from
the road is rewarded by God", which
implies that regardless of whoever may be effected by that element, whether a
Jewish or Christian!
That is the Islam that was known in
In a speech at martyrs Mosque, "he accused
International Humanitarians Organizations working in
An Islamic leader from
Present humanity reflected in modern western societies was achieved after long
process of awareness brought about by civil society's pressures, human rights organizations and
individuals. These acts of humanity, had grown through generations, it reflects the development of human societies and humanity; it is the
development of human values.
The first verses of Quran were "Read! In the
Name of your Lord Who has created (all that exists). 2. He has created man from
a clot (a piece of thick coagulated blood). 3. Read And your Lord is the Most
Generous. 4. Who has taught (the writing) by the pen. 5. Nay! Verily, man
does transgress (in disbelief and evil deed)" (96:1-5), these were
the basic teaching of Islam, to acquire knowledge! All knowledge, not only religion, simply because these
knowledge raises status of humanity, on condition not to do evil deed?
Isn’t what is taken place in
During the Africa famine of 1984/85, Two International groups of singers, the British
"Band Aid" headed by Paul Young, and the American was headed by present UNICEF Goodwill
Ambassador Harry
Belafonte, they brought great
assistance to Ethiopia and Sudan, during Presidency of Regan, who sent thousands tons of sorghums to Sudan,
it became known as Regan sorghums, people in Darfur and Kordofan praised Regan at praying asking God to blessed him with heaven; that was
humanity!
The most painful part of what is happening in Darfur is that the
genocide is taking place in a slow long process, while the world
is watching, as
if they lost the human responsibility and consciousness towards the people of
Darfur, and their rights for free, justice life with dignity.
These are happening in
The polices followed by
the Mister of Foreign Affairs Dr. Lam Akol within the government of National
Unity towards Darfur was what the NCP was up to by signing the Comprehensive
peace Agreement (CPA), he can't pretend lacking policies papers, as a leader he
should formulate it. Gallants SPLA Martyrs lead by Eng. Bolad down to people
like Capt. Cipriano Oliha Afore from
In contrast to that, His
Excellency Deng Alor Kuol, Minster of the Cabinet Affairs Minister, in the government of the National Unity, justified SPLM
supports to 1706, that "SPLM do have moral obligations towards the people
of Darfur", that is why SPLM supports intervention of International Force to
Darfur.
SPLM/A historical and moral obligations towards the
people of Darfur is so great, this was always felt by its leaders attitudes, as
witness through the continual move by His Excellency Left General Salva Kiir
Mayardit, the First Vice President of the Republic of Sudan and President of
the Government of Southern Sudan, supporting the United Nation force
intervention in Darfur, it is not an isolated attitude, there is enormous supports
towards Darfur cause in South Sudan, Nuba Mountains and Blue Nile area.
The
arbitrary killings, mass rapping, destructions of houses and properties; all of
which had created urgent demand for intervention of the International Force to
rescue the hopeless situation in
1-
To stop the killing.
2-
To secure life of innocents.
3-
To stop the intense rapes committed by the Janjaweed.
4-
To create sense of peace.
5-
To disarm the Janjaweed.
6-
To secure return of displaced and refugees.
7-
To investigate the Absolute Truth about what had happened
in
8-
To establish inter-tribal dialogues.
9-
To make reconciliation between African and Arab tribe of
10- To help
creating environment that my help in laying out development projects for people
of
These
points are not against Islam, they are supposed to be achieved by us; as
Muslims if we failed to achieve these, it is the obligation of the International
community to help in establishing a better world for both Africans and Arabs of
Darfur.
The
above brief is not the final solution for the tragedy of Darfur, it is only a means
to establish the required stability and peace in the region, then other process
may followed intended to established the final justice permanent peace in the
region, with final intention of bring peace in Darfur, by showing the truth
about what had happened without partiality and from human perspectives towards
all people of Darfur, Arabs and Africans.
Finally
events in Darfur had created inhuman environment, the people of Darfur and
Sudanese in general deserved brighter and human future for themselves and the
coming generations, the bases of which could only be achieved through the
intervention of the International Force approved by the Security Council in the
its resolution No 1706.
Reference
1- Darfur Wikipedia (Click here).
2-
Tribal Conflicts in
3- Memorandum No 1, Letter to the Prime Minister by the commissioned committee of the Arab alliance. (Click here)
4-
Secret memorandum issued by the
Arab Alliance to its members in 1988 to Disturb Gov. of Dr. Tjani Sesi in
5-
Suliman,
Mohamad (Author), Al Bander, Salah (Editor),
6- Sudanupdate Reports: People Darfur. (Click here)
7-
Gerard's Prunier,
8-
Recent discussion in
9-
Discussions
with Mr Abakar Mahamad Abulbashar (Sudany). Head of Wealth Sharing Commission,
10- Khalid, Dr. Mansor, The True Promise and the False Dawn
11- The Black Book, Imbalance of Power and Wealth in
12- Conversation with Ustaz
Ibrahim Yahya Abdulrhman ex-governor of
13- A Top Secret, Memorandum issued by the Arab Alliance, by the title of Quraish (Two) [Original Document]. (Click here)
14- Order by the Regional Arab
15- Khalid Abdalla Hussien Mahamad Ahmad,
16- Discussion with Dr Sharif Harrir,
Secretary General of Democratic Federal
17- Discussion
in
18- Report of the Political Committee of Coordinating Council of the
Arab Alliance, on organizational activities in
19- Memorandum by the Information and Political Committee of the Arab Alliance, about establishment of SLM/A. (Click here)
20- Justice and Equality Movement (JEM). (Click here)
21- All
22- Global Security (Click here).
23- Memorandum by the human rights division of the People of Darfur On December 4, 1999, to both the Chairman of Human Rights Committee in the National Council, the Minister of Justice and Attorney General with copies to Governor of Western Darfur, Governor of Southern Darfur, Governor of Northern Darfur, Sudanese Human Rights Organization and the United Nations Human Rights Observer In Sudan. (Click here)
24- Memorandum No1 by 21 Leaders of African Tribes of Darfur On
25- Mahamad Saleh
"Alsharq Alawsat", from
26- From Washington, Hafiz Almarazi, Aljazeera Channel. (Click here)
27- Failure of Darfur Peace Talks in Abuja, Abaker Mohamed Abuelbashar, Head of Wealth Sharing Commission, Sudan Liberation Movement/Army-Abdulwahid, Manchester, United Kingdom, Friday, 30 June 2006. (Click here)
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